Medical science

⭐⭐  CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ⭐⭐          ( CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE )        ( END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE ) 1) DEFINITION OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ( CRF ) :-  CRF is chronic and irreversible deterioration of kidney function for atleast  > 3 months with GFR < 15 ml/ min/ 1.73 sq metres of body surface area. 2) CAUSES OF CRF :-    (I) Glomerulonephritis :-  It is the inflammation of glomeruli. GN occurs due to various causes like - post streptococcal GN,      - As a part of autoimmune diseases like SLE, Wegener's granulomatosis ,etc     - Due to primary glomerular disease like cresentic GN, membranous GN, Diffuse proliferative GN. GN occurs due to deposition of circulating immune complexes or deposition of antibodies due to above causes which may act against antigens in glomerular basement membrane ( molecular mimicry)    (II) Chronic pyelonephritis ( reflux nephropathy ) :-       - Normally during micturition, urine doesn't go back into the ureters f

     ⭐⭐ ACUTE RENAL FAILURE ⭐⭐               ( ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY )  1) FUNCTION OF KIDNEY :-     - Kidneys help to filter and remove waste products in the blood.     - It also helps to maintain electrolyte balance.     - kidneys also make hormones that help to  control  blood pressure (Renin Angiotensin aldosterone system - RAAS), make red blood cells ( Erythropoetin) keep your bones strong and healthy  ( 1- alpha hydroxylase causes conversion of 25 -OH cholecalciferol to 1,25 - dihydroxy cholecalciferol i.e active form of vitamin D. 2) DEFINITION OF ARF :-        ARF is rapid deterioration of renal function which is enough to cause accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in body. ARF is also called as AKI i.e Acute kidney injury. 3) RIFLE  Criteria :-     (I) R = Risk.  Increase in serum creatinine by ( × 1.5 ) times the normal.                               or Urine output is < 0.5 ml / kg / hr for atleast 6 hours.     (II) I - Injury -  Increase in serum creatinine of (

    ⭐⭐  EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON ⭐⭐                                MUSCLES 1) Exercise causes muscle hypertrophy. Hypertrophy means increase in the size of muscle and not the number of muscle cells. 2) Due to exercise and strenuous activities - microtrauma i.e tiny damage occurs to the muscle fibres initially.Muscular contractions produce mechanical stress, which damages fibers directly, but repeated contractions under fatiguing conditions release intracellular calcium and inflammatory neutrophils, which degrade the fiber.  3)  The body may respond to this microtrauma by causing hypertrophy of muscle fibre. Thus , the muscle adapts and becomes more resistant to stress. There is enhanced synthesis of muscle proteins like actin and myosin. 4) How does this hypertrophy occur? Following factors contribute to the hypertrophy of muscle fibre :- (a) Hypertrophy of sarcoplasm  (cytoplasm of muscle cells) due to increased glycogen storage in muscle fibres. After exercise, t

              ⭐⭐ PARAPLEGIA ⭐⭐ 1)   DEFINITION OF PARAPLEGIA :-      Paraplegia is paralysis of both lower     limbs .    - Paralysis - complete or partial     loss of muscle function leading to loss     of ability to move.   -  The loss of muscle function occurs      when there is damage to its nerve               supply.   - The motor pathway innervating the               muscles consists of Upper motor       neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron      (LMN).   - The UMN originate in the cerebral                 cortex and travel down to  the brain             stem or spinal cord to the level of                 appropriate spinal nerve root .At this           point,  the lower    motor neurons begin         in the anterior horn of spinal cord and         goes to innervate   muscles and                     glands throughout the body.   - The nerves of lumbosacral spinal cord      supplies the lower limbs. Damage to     this part leads to paraplegia.    ⭐⭐ JUST FO

    ⭐⭐ AORTIC REGURGITATION ⭐⭐ 1) AORTIC VALVE -    - Aortic valve is a semilunar valve present     between left ventricle and aorta. It      directs the flow of blood from left      ventricle into the aorta during     ventricular systole.   - During ventricular systole, pressure      rises in the left ventricle. When the      pressure in the left ventricle exceeds the     pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve     opens and the blood flows from the     left ventricle into the aorta.                          ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) DEFINITION OF AORTIC                                  REGURGITATION :-    - Regurgitation means backward flow of     blood from aorta into left ventricle                during diastole due to damage to the          aortic valve.                                 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 3) ETIOLOGY OF AORTIC                                    REGURGITATION:-     (a) Acute causes :-         (I) Rheumatic fever :-            - Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune