Medical science

           ⭐⭐ HYPERTENSION ⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION OF HYPERTENSION :-      Blood pressure that is higher than normal is known as Hypertension.                   ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) CRITERIA OF HYPERTENSION :-    (a) Above 60 years - There is      hypertension if       Systolic BP > 150 mm Hg       Diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg    (b) Below 60 years - There is       hypertension if       Systolic BP > 140 mm Hg      Diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg    (c) Above 18 years with diabetes or     Chronic Kidney Disease - There is      hypertension if      Systolic BP > 140 mm Hg     Diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg ⭐ White coat hypertension - BP rises in hospital. Take readings at home. (Occurs due to anxiety & increased sympathetic response in hospital) ⭐ Isolated ambulatory or masked hypertension - BP is normal at hospital but more at home. Such patients have risk of organ damage. ⭐ Paradoxical hypertension - Paradoxical rise of BP in patients taking antihypertensive drugs.  In patients with diabe

             ⭐⭐ ANAL FISSURE ⭐⭐                   ( FISSURE - IN - ANO )  EAS - External anal sphincter  IAS - Internal anal sphincter 1) DEFINITION OF Anal fissure :-      Anal fissure is a small, superficial ulcer  present along the longitudinal axis of lower part of anal canal. It can be present in the midline, posteriorly, or anteriorly. Anterior ulcers are more  common in females.                    ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER ANATOMY :-  Three parts :-    (a) Deep part - It encircles the upper end     of anal canal. There is no bony                     attachment.    (b) Superficial part - It is attached     posteriorly to coccyx & anteriorly to    mid perineal point in males & to vaginal    sphincter in females.    (c) Subcutaneous part - It encircles the     lower part of anal canal. There is no     bony attachment.                     ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 3) INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER ANATOMY :- It covers upper two third of anal canal. It  is formed by thick

               ⭐⭐ JAUNDICE ⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION OF JAUNDICE :     # Jaundice is yellowish discoloration of       skin, mucous membrane and sclera        due to increased bilirubin.     # Sclera is yellow because it contains        large amount of elastin which has high        affinity for bilirubin.     # Normal bilirubin = 0.5 - 1.2 mg/dl        Clinically evident jaundice -        when bilirubin > 2.5 mg/dl  ⭐ NOTE ⭐-             # Urobilinogen is colourless. It gets             converted to urobilin which is              yellow coloured.            # Bilirubin - yellow             coloured            # Conjugated bilirubin - water              soluble            # Unconjugated bilirubin - not water              soluble.                            ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) NORMAL BILIRUBIN METABOLISM :-                     Red cell lysis                              |                         Haeme                              |          Bilirubin ( indirect or unconjugated)                

          ⭐ PORTAL HYPERTENSION ⭐ 1) PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM:-      (A) Portal venous system is a venous         system which starts from capillaries         and also ends in capillaries. It starts          from capillaries of abdominal part of          gastrointestinal tract, pancreas,                   spleen, gall bladder and ends in        capillaries of liver i.e sinusoids .     (B) Function of Portal venous system:-          (I) It carries partially deoxygenated           blood from git organs to the liver.          This blood contains nutrients, toxins          and other substances from intestine.          (II) In the liver, there is detoxification,           metabolization, storage of nutrients.         (III) Then this blood from liver goes to             the heart.     (C) Course of portal venous system:-           (I) Capillaries of git organs merge to             form portal vein.          (II) Portal vein enters liver and divides            into portal venules.