Medical science

    ⭐⭐  EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON ⭐⭐                                MUSCLES 1) Exercise causes muscle hypertrophy. Hypertrophy means increase in the size of muscle and not the number of muscle cells. 2) Due to exercise and strenuous activities - microtrauma i.e tiny damage occurs to the muscle fibres initially.Muscular contractions produce mechanical stress, which damages fibers directly, but repeated contractions under fatiguing conditions release intracellular calcium and inflammatory neutrophils, which degrade the fiber.  3)  The body may respond to this microtrauma by causing hypertrophy of muscle fibre. Thus , the muscle adapts and becomes more resistant to stress. There is enhanced synthesis of muscle proteins like actin and myosin. 4) How does this hypertrophy occur? Following factors contribute to the hypertrophy of muscle fibre :- (a) Hypertrophy of sarcoplasm  (cytoplasm of muscle cells) due to increased glycogen storage in muscle fibres. After exercise, t

              ⭐⭐ PARAPLEGIA ⭐⭐ 1)   DEFINITION OF PARAPLEGIA :-      Paraplegia is paralysis of both lower     limbs .    - Paralysis - complete or partial     loss of muscle function leading to loss     of ability to move.   -  The loss of muscle function occurs      when there is damage to its nerve               supply.   - The motor pathway innervating the               muscles consists of Upper motor       neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron      (LMN).   - The UMN originate in the cerebral                 cortex and travel down to  the brain             stem or spinal cord to the level of                 appropriate spinal nerve root .At this           point,  the lower    motor neurons begin         in the anterior horn of spinal cord and         goes to innervate   muscles and                     glands throughout the body.   - The nerves of lumbosacral spinal cord      supplies the lower limbs. Damage to     this part leads to paraplegia.    ⭐⭐ JUST FO

    ⭐⭐ AORTIC REGURGITATION ⭐⭐ 1) AORTIC VALVE -    - Aortic valve is a semilunar valve present     between left ventricle and aorta. It      directs the flow of blood from left      ventricle into the aorta during     ventricular systole.   - During ventricular systole, pressure      rises in the left ventricle. When the      pressure in the left ventricle exceeds the     pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve     opens and the blood flows from the     left ventricle into the aorta.                          ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) DEFINITION OF AORTIC                                  REGURGITATION :-    - Regurgitation means backward flow of     blood from aorta into left ventricle                during diastole due to damage to the          aortic valve.                                 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 3) ETIOLOGY OF AORTIC                                    REGURGITATION:-     (a) Acute causes :-         (I) Rheumatic fever :-            - Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune         

            ⭐⭐ CONSTIPATION ⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION OF CONSTIPATION :-     Any 2 of the following criteria should be     present for >12 weeks :-      (a) Less than 3 defecations in a week     (b) Straining for > 25% defecations     (c) Hard stools for > 25% defecations     (d) Sense of incomplete evacuation for         > 25% defecations     (e) Sense of anorectal blockade for          > 25% defecations     (f) Digital evacuation of stools (by           fingers) for > 25 % defecations.           ⭐ There are no loose stools in                        constipation⭐                                      ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) CAUSES OF CONSTIPATION :-      (a) Acute causes :-                                              (I) Dehydration :-             Water in the stool makes it softer            and helps it to pass more smoothly.            When there is dehydration, stools             become dry and hard .             Hence, dehydration is a common            cause of constipat