Medical science

             ⭐NEPHROTIC SYNDROME ⭐ A disorder of kidney which is characterized by  Proteinuria, Oedema, Hypoalbuminemia ,Hyperlipidemia and sometimes Hypertension.     ( #Proteinuria - presence of abnormal         quantities of protein in urine.   # Hypoalbuminemia - decreased levels of   albumin in blood.   # Oedema - swelling caused by build up      of fluid.   # Hyperlipidemia - Increased levels of     lipids in blood.   # Hypertension - high blood pressure.)                       ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 1) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of nephrotic syndrome:-      (A) In nephrotic syndrome, there is           increase in permeability of           glomerular capillaries which leads to          proteinuria.           This increase in permeability may be           due to :-          (I) Glomerular inflammation - there is              damage to glomeruli due to              cytokines and permeability factors             released during inflammation.         (II) Change in charge of GBM i.e               

                ⭐⭐GALL STONES ⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION of Gall stones :-       Gall stones are solid crystal deposits formed in the gall bladder, a pearly shaped sac that stores bile. 2) TYPES of Gall stones :-       (I) Cholesterol stones       (II) Mixed stones - Made of cholesterol ,          calcium salts of carbonate,           phosphate, palmitate , proteins.      (III) Pigment stones - black or greenish              black coloured. ⭐ NOTE ⭐-       # Sources of cholesterol in our body         are liver and food. Liver produces          cholesterol.     # Cholesterol in liver helps in production        of bile acids (cholic ,chenodeoxycholic        acids,etc) by classic and alternate         pathway.     # These bile acids further combine with        Glycine or taurine to form bile salts.     # Thus, bile juice contains bile salts ,         bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol,        conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes ,        water.     # This bile juice is released into 

          ⭐ PARKINSON'S DISEASE ⭐ 1) DEFINITION of Parkinson's disease -      Parkinson's disease is a chronic and progressive disease of nervous system which is characterized by features like tremor , rigidity , akinesia (or bradykinesia) and postural instability . ( The pneumonic for these features is TRAP i.e tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability )     2) ETIOLOGY of Parkinson's disease -      (a) Primary causes - These include                   Idiopathic parkinsonism                   Parkinson's disease                   Paralysis agitans            ( Primary causes have origin of their own ... There is absence of any underlying  factor or cause )        (b) Secondary causes - Here, there are some underlying factors present .              (I) Infections - HIV , influenza                  (Infections lead to inflammation                  which causes release of                  different cytokines and                   mediators. Signalli