Medical science

⭐⭐⭐ MUTATION  AND CANCER ⭐⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION OF MUTATION :- Mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. 2) FUNCTION OF DNA:-   (A) Basic unit of DNA is a nucleotide . Nucleotide consists of a sugar , a phosphate group and a base.    (B) Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.   (C) Thymine pairs with Adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine. Thus, the bonds between nitrogenous bases form the steps of ladder of DNA.   (D) The pattern of arrangement of these nucleotides in DNA differs from person to person. Hence, each individual has unique DNA.   (E) The sequences of nucleotides in DNA code for different proteins which form our body structures.   (F)  Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.   (G) Protein synthesis involves process of transcription i.e process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into messenger

   ⭐⭐⭐ CHILLS AND FEVER ⭐⭐⭐ 1) PYROGENS :-      - Pyrogens are substances that can produce fever.    - They include   cytokines ( such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, interferon-alpha), endotoxins derived from  Gram-negative bacteria, etc.    - They are released by cells like monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, endothelium, glial cells, etc.    - Pyrogens can be released in response to following agents:-      (a) Disease causing agents like bacteria, virus, protozoa.      (b) Certain medications (drug induced fever ).  Medications commonly known to cause fever include antimicrobials, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, sympathomimetics, and sulfonamides.     (c) Certain nonmicrobial antigens . ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 2) HYPOTHALAMUS AND THERMOREGULATION :-    (A) We know that homeostasis is maintained in our body.  Homeostasis means capacity of the body to maintain the stability of variables like temperature, acidity, and water level, etc.   (B)The homeostatic

           ⭐⭐⭐ HEMIPLEGIA ⭐⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION OF HEMIPLEGIA :- Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body.     - Paralysis - complete or partial     loss of muscle function leading to loss     of ability to move.     - Hemiplegia is caused by damage to some part( primary motor cortex) of the brain that disrupts the connection between the brain and the muscles on the affected side.      - Primary motor cortex on the left hemisphere of the brain controls movement of the right side of the body, and right motor cortex controls movement of the left side of the body  because the nerves that travel down from the brain to the periphery cross over at the medulla (pyramid decussations) .     - Thus, damage to the right side of the brain may cause movement problems or weakness on the body's left side and vice versa. Above diagram helps to understand that different areas of the primary motor cortex connect to and control movement of different body parts.        - If

  ⭐⭐⭐ UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT BLEEDING AND HAEMATEMESIS ⭐⭐⭐ 1) DEFINITION OF HAEMATEMESIS :- Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood. It is the bleeding proximal to duodenojejunal junction i.e ligament of treitz. 2) TREATMENT OF HAEMETEMESIS :- TREATMENT IS IMPORTANT FIRST .    (I) Primary treatment -       # Patient's condition should be made stable first. Monitor Pulse, BP , respiration, consciousness, Urine output. Blood sample is taken for Hb testing.       # Body fluid replenishment by fluids & blood. ( Hb should be kept > 7-8 gm/dl.)          (II) Gastric lavage -       # Nasogastric tube (Ryle's tube) is inserted & 500 ml tap water is instilled & aspirated every 30-60 mins.      # Vasoconstriction occurs due to cool water which helps in temporary cessation of bleeding.      # It helps to clear stomach prior to endoscopy, assess the amount of bleeding.      # Forceful suction can damage mucosa.      # Tube is kept for 24 hours to asses